Implantation and removal of orthopedic prostheses

ABSTRACT

Ultrasonic vibrations are employed for forming a cavity into which a prosthesis is implanted. This technique includes vibrating the prosthesis itself as it is inserted to enlarge the cavity and assure a tight fit.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/704,467, filed May 23,1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation application of applicationSer. No. 07/304,820, filed Jan. 31, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,083,issued May 28, 1991.

IMPLANTING OF ORTHOPEDIC PROSTHESES FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to techniques and apparatus for removing anorthopedic prosthesis such as a femoral component of a hip jointreplacement, acetabular cup, knee joint, shoulder joint, or the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been over sixty years since the first use of replacement partsfor hip joints. There have been many advances in the prostheticcomponents, materials, surgical techniques and the like, so that totalhip joint replacement has become relatively common place. Relatedtechniques have also been used for replacing knee and shoulder joints.

There are two principal components to a hip replacement prosthesis. Oneis an acetabular cup which is implanted in the acetabulum. Theacetabular cup provides a spherical socket which is the bearing surfacefor the replacement joint. The other component comprises a femoral stemwhich is fitted into the medullary canal of the femur and a femoral headon the stem having a spherical surface which meets with the acetabularsocket.

The femoral portion of the prosthesis is inserted by cutting off thefemoral neck with or without removing the greater trochanter. Themedullary canal is then prepared using drills, reamers and successivelylarger rasps to produce a cavity which is closely complementary to thefemoral stem. After cleaning, the femoral stem is driven into place inthe canal with what is essentially a press fit. Preparing the cavity tofit the stem is tedious and prolongs the period the patient must be keptunder anaesthesia.

The femoral stem may be held in place by a polymethylmethacrylate cement(PMMA) or it may be provided with a porous surface on the shank whichaccommodates ingrowth of cancellous bone which secures the femoralcomponent in the femur.

The acetabular cup is implanted after grinding a socket in the pelvis toreceive it. The socket may be secured with cement, or may be fastened tothe bone with screws after a press fit. Similar techniques, differing indetail are used for implanting replacement shoulder joints, knees andthe like.

Despite advances in the technology of hip replacement, it is found thata substantial number of "revisions" are required. Such revisions involveremoving components of the hip joint and replacing them. Such revisionsmay be required shortly after the original surgery due to complications.More commonly they occur eight or ten years after the original surgerydue to any of a number of problems that may arise. Such revisions aretraumatic for the patient, tedious for the surgeon, and quite timeconsuming for surgical staff and facilities.

A principal problem in revisions is removal of the femoral component.Some such components are made with transverse holes or threaded holesfor connection of tools to extract the femoral stem from the medullarycanal. Repeated hammer blows may be applied for driving the stem out ofthe cavity. Sometimes a window is cut in the femoral cortex near thedistal end of the shank, and a punch and hammer are used for driving theshank toward the open end of the femur. Trauma to the patient can besevere and breakage of parts of the femur is not unusual. The techniquesemployed for removing the femoral component have been characterized asbarbaric.

Another technique that has been attempted is removal of thepolymethylmethacrylate with an ultrasonically vibrated osteotome. Such atechnique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,232 by Engelbrecht. Theosteotome is used for scooping out polymethylmethacrylate cementsoftened by the ultrasonic vibrations.

Other techniques involve use of long, thin osteotomes for cutting eitherthe cement used for securing the prosthesis in the medullary canal orcancellous bone in the case of an ingrowth prosthesis. In effect, theosteotomes are long chisels which are tapped to disintegrate thecancellous bone or cement and free the prosthesis from the surroundingcortex. For example, in a paper entitled "Atraumatic Removal of aWell-Fixed Porous Ingrowth Hip Prosthesis", Orthopedic Review, Vol. 15,No. 6, June 1986, page 387, Doctors McClelland, James and Simmonsdescribe removal of a femoral component "by the use of an oscillatingsaw and long, thin osteotomes to carefully separate the prosthesis fromits intra-medullary environment. This portion of the procedure was bothtedious and somewhat time-consuming, but no iatrogenic damage to thecortical tube of the proximal femur resulted. After the proximal half ofthe prosthesis had been freed up in this manner, the prosthesis was thenextractable, using multiple heavy hammer blows applied to vise gripsattached to the end of a McReynolds-wedge extractor."

It is clear that faster and less traumatic techniques are desirable forremoving components of prostheses inserted in the medullar canal. It isalso desirable to provide quicker and easier techniques for implantingprostheses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is, therefore, provided in practice of this invention according toa presently preferred embodiment a technique for removing a jointprosthesis by coupling an ultrasonic transducer to the prosthesis andapplying a sufficient ultrasonic signal for vibrating the prosthesis andloosening it from connection with bone. Such a technique may be usedwith either a cemented prosthesis or a cementless ingrowth prosthesis.The ultrasonic vibrations may either soften cement holding theprosthesis in place or disrupt cancellous bone adjacent to the poroussurface of that type of prosthesis.

Alternatively, one may couple an ultrasonic transducer to an osteotomeand insert the osteotome through cancellous bone adjacent to the poroussurface of a prosthesis for ultrasonically disrupting the cancellousbone.

The cavity for receiving an orthopedic prosthesis may be shaped toreceive the prosthesis tightly by employing ultrasonically vibratedtools shaped similarly to the prosthesis. Preferably, the prosthesisitself is used as a "tool" to finally shape the cavity as it is pressedinto place, thereby assuring a tight fit. Small rasp-like teeth may beprovided on surfaces of the prosthesis to aid in implanting while beingultrasonically vibrated.

The technique is practiced with an ultrasonic transducer connected to apower supply for generating ultrasonic vibrations. These ultrasonicvibrations may be coupled to the joint prosthesis by any of a variety ofmeans such as a threaded connection or a socket on the transducerconnectable to a self-holding taper on such a prosthesis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the invention will beappreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to thefollowing detailed description when considered in connection with theaccompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side view partly in cross section of an exemplary femoralimplant component of a hip replacement joint as implanted in a femurwith an osteotome for disrupting cancellous bone;

FIG. 2 is a side view of another embodiment of femoral component of ahip replacement joint implanted in a femur, with the head of thecomponent exploded from the body;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an ultrasonic transducer for coupling to afemoral component as illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a side view of a femoral component including rasp-like teeth.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a surgical tool including rasp-like teeth.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary femoral component 10 of a hip prosthesisjoint implanted in the end of a femur which has the trochanterosteotomized. The body 12 of the prosthesis and at least a portion ofthe shank 13 which extends along the medullary canal have a poroussurface. Such a porous surface is provided on the prosthesis by somemanufacturers in the form of metal beads having the same composition asthe prosthesis which are sintered onto the solid metal of theprosthesis. Other manufacturers employ a mat of metal wires sinteredonto the surface. In either type, the porous surface portion provides asubstrate into which growth of cancellous bone 15 may occur for rigidlysecuring the prosthesis to the femur. Some prostheses have a collar 14which bears against the cortex 20 at the end of the femur. Collarlessprostheses are also used.

A neck 16 connects a ball or head 17 to the body of the prosthesis. Thespherical head provides the bearing engagement with the acetabular cup(not shown) secured to the patient's pelvis.

A transverse hole 18 extends through the prosthesis for engagement by atool for extracting the prosthesis from the femur in the event arevision is required. In addition or alternatively, a threaded hole 19is provided in the end of the body for receiving a tool which canprovide a longitudinal force for withdrawing or inserting theprosthesis.

Another type of prosthesis as illustrated in FIG. 2 has a porous surfacearea 21 on the body for receiving ingrowth of cancellous bone forsecuring the prosthesis in the medullary canal. In the illustratedembodiment the neck 22 of the prosthesis has a self-holding taper 23 atits proximal end for receiving a complementary female taper 24 in a head25 which can thereby be removably secured to the prosthesis. A varietyof self-holding tapers with different angles of taper and standarddimensions may be used. These include the Morse, Brown and Sharpe,Jarno, Sellers, Reed, American Standard and Metric tapers. Taper anglesof 5% or less are customary. Self-holding tapers cause the shank, whenseated firmly in the socket, to tend to stay in place by friction due tothe small taper angle. For example, when the head is driven onto aMorse-type taper with a couple of mallet blows, it cannot be removedmanually. A larger longitudinal force may be used for separating aself-holding taper. A removable head for a prosthesis provides theopportunity for stocking heads with varying lengths of neck for fittingto a variety of standard bodies for mixing and matching to fit theprosthesis to an individual patient. For example, up to ten differentdimensions of body may be matched with a dozen or so different headswith varying diameters and neck lengths.

For removing a prosthesis implanted in a femur, an ultrasonic transducer26 (FIG. 3) is coupled to the prosthesis. At the end of the transducerthere is a metal sleeve 27 having a socket 28 with a female self-holdingtaper matching the taper on the neck of the prosthesis. The intimateengagement of the self-holding taper provides high efficiency couplingof the ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the prosthesis.

The ultrasonic transducer may be any of a variety of known transducers.These may include electrostrictive, magnetostrictive or electromagneticdevices, as may be preferred by the equipment manufacturer. Each ofthese has certain advantages depending on the frequency range, amplitudeof vibration, and power level.

The ultrasonic transducer is driven by an ultrasonic signal from aconventional power supply 29. Such power supplies typically permit theuser to determine the frequency of oscillation and the power level ofthe ultrasonic signal sent to the transducer. For purposes of disruptingcancellous bone ingrown into the porous surface of a joint prosthesis, afrequency corresponding to a resonant frequency of the prosthesis isdesirable for maximizing amplitude of vibration with a given signalstrength. Some tuning of frequency for a particular prostheses implantedin bone may be employed in lieu of merely increasing signal strength. Itis desirable to employ a frequency in the range of from about 20,000 to40,000 Hertz, preferably around 25,000 Hertz.

For removing the prosthesis, the transducer is coupled to theself-holding taper on the prosthesis and the prosthesis isultrasonically vibrated by applying a signal to the transducer. Thevibration of the prosthesis disrupts cancellous bone at the surface ofthe prosthesis due to the impedance mismatch between the metallicprosthesis and the cancellous bone surrounding it. There is asubstantial impedance mismatch between the portion of the prosthesiswhich does not have a porous surface and the surrounding cancellousbone, such as along the length of the shank, and the bone at theinterface is readily disrupted. There is less of an impedance mismatchand also less energy transfer at the interface between the porous metalsurface and the bony ingrowth. A somewhat higher energy input level istherefore required for disrupting cancellous bone adjacent to thesurface of the porous ingrowth area.

After applying ultrasonic vibrations for several seconds, an attempt ismade to withdraw the prosthesis. If the transducer is in the way, it maybe removed before trying to withdraw the prosthesis to avoid damagingthe transducer. In the event the prosthesis is not readily removed byapplication of pressure or moderate impact, the ultrasonic signalstrength can be increased to try again to see if there has been adequatedisruption of the cancellous bone at the interface with the poroussurface.

Alternatively, the disruption of cancellous bone by the ultrasonicvibrations may be investigated by probing with a thin instrument passedalong the body adjacent to the porous surface before an attempt is madeto withdraw the prosthesis.

Some prostheses, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 1, have a headintegral with the body rather than being connected thereto by aself-holding taper. The ultrasonic transducer may be coupled to such aprosthesis by way of threaded hole, or a spherical socket may be used tomate with the spherical head and provide good energy transfer.

An alternative technique may be employed for disrupting cancellous boneadjacent to the porous surface of the prosthesis. According to thistechnique an ultrasonic transducer 31 (FIG. 1) is threaded onto aconventional osteotome 32 and the osteotome is inserted along the porousingrowth surface of the prosthesis 10 for disrupting a narrow channel ofcancellous bone. By repeatedly inserting ultrasonically vibratingosteotomes along different areas of the body of the prosthesis,sufficient cancellous bone can be disrupted to free the prosthesis fromthe bone and permit its withdrawal with limited trauma to the patient.This technique for disrupting cancellous bone may be used in areasreadily accessible at the proximal end of the prosthesis and ultrasonicvibration of the entire prosthesis may be employed for disruptingcancellous bone adjacent to the distal end of the prosthesis.

It should be noted that disruption of the bone occurs at the impedancemismatch between the metal and the bone. There is sufficiently lowenergy transfer through the bone and other tissues to avoid significantdamage to the cancellous bone or cortex remote from the interface.Preferably the energy level is kept low enough that there isinsignificant disruption of cortical bone in places where the shank ofthe prosthesis contacts such bone.

When removing a porous ingrowth prosthesis by ultrasonically vibratingosteotomes, equipment similar to that described in the Engelbrechtpatent may be employed. Osteotome blades are available with malethreaded ends for attachment to handles or the like. The threaded endmakes a convenient place for coupling an ultrasonic transducer to theosteotome. The threaded tip of a transducer may be placed in thethreaded hole 19 in a prosthesis as illustrated in FIG. 1 forefficiently coupling the ultrasonic vibrations between the transducerand the prosthesis. The way of coupling the transducer to the osteotomeis not of significance and other means may be employed. Coupling to theself holding taper of a prosthesis is preferred.

It will also be noted that the power levels required when a transduceris coupled to an osteotome are considerably less than when a transduceris coupled to the prosthesis itself, since the area of the interface atwhich cancellous bone is being disrupted is considerably different.

A technique for removing a prosthesis by ultrasonically vibrating it mayalso be employed where the prosthesis has a substantially smooth surfaceand is secured in the bone by a cement such as polymethylmethacrylate.In such an embodiment the PMMA remains softened and can be readilydisrupted while ultrasonic vibrations are being applied. When vibrationsare discontinued, the PMMA may become more rigid. It is, therefore,desirable when removing a prosthesis which is cemented in place, toapply ultrasonic vibrations and a withdrawing force simultaneously. Thisassures that a minimum withdrawal force is used for withdrawing thecomponent. Again, if the prosthesis is not removed readily with awithdrawing force which may be steady or in the form of impact, thepower level may be increased until a reasonable withdrawing force issufficient for withdrawing the prosthesis from the medullary canal.

An ultrasonic technique may also be employed for implanting an originalor a replacement prosthesis during revision surgery. The preparation ofa cavity in which a prosthesis is placed can be tedious and carefulshaping of the cavity is important so that a tight fit is obtained. Thisis particularly significant for implantation of prostheses having poroussurfaces for ingrowth of cancellous bone. At present such a cavity isformed by drilling and reaming to form a cavity of roughly the rightshape and size and then finishing the cavity with a rasp or series ofrasps complementary to the shape of the prosthesis, which are hammeredor pressed into the medullary canal.

In practice of this invention at least the final reaming of the cavityis done by ultrasonically vibrating an object having the same shape asthe prosthesis, with sufficient energy to disrupt cancellous bone, andpressing the ultrasonically vibrating object into the cancellous bonefor forming a cavity complementary to the prosthesis. Preferably theobject has rasp-like teeth which further aid in disrupting cancellousbone so that the object can be pressed into the cavity without excessiveforce which could fracture the cortex.

The object employed for forming a cavity in the cancellous bonecomplementary to the prosthesis may be a rasp that is inserted andtemporarily left in place for testing and other procedures before theprosthesis is implanted. Preferably the object comprises the prosthesisitself. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 4, a prosthesis 36 such as thefemoral component of a hip joint has a plurality of rasp-like teeth onsurface areas 37 on at least the tapering body portion of theprosthesis. An exemplary size for the rasp-like teeth is about 400micrometers peak-to-peak. An ultrasonic transducer 38 is coupled to theself-holding taper 39 on the neck of the prosthesis as hereinabovedescribed. As the prosthesis is ultrasonically vibrated by thetransducer, it is pressed into the cavity and the teeth cut cancellousbone until the prosthesis fits tightly in the cavity. The transducer canthen be removed and the prosthesis left in the cavity so formed.

It is not important that the swarf produced by the teeth on theprosthesis be removed from the cavity. On the contrary, it is notunusual to pack a portion of the cavity with fragments of cancellousbone and tissue removed in forming the cavity to assure a tight fit ofthe prosthesis. Such materials appear to promote growth of cancellousbone and may enhance fixation of a porous ingrowth prosthesis in thecavity. It is desirable to employ teeth with a spacing from about 50 to400 micrometers since that is appropriate for ingrowth of cancellousbone. Thus, the newly grown cancellous bone between the teeth tends tosecure the prosthesis in the cavity. In other words the teeth areanalogous to the porous surface on conventional ingrowth typeprostheses.

Although limited embodiments have been described and illustrated herein,it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that theremay be many modifications and variations of practice of this invention.For example, although coupling the ultrasonic transducer to theself-holding taper on a prosthesis is particularly desirable, any of avariety of coupling means may be employed. As should already be apparentfrom the description, these techniques may be employed in combinationwith other conventional techniques for loosening and removing aprosthesis from a joint.

Further, although described in the context of a hip joint replacement,it will be apparent that similar techniques may be used with implants ofshoulder joints, knees and the like, or with pins used for reinforcingbone. For example, ultrasonic vibrations may be used for implanting thekeel of the tibial component of a knee joint. Ultrasonic vibration of arasping object may be used for final shaping of the cavity for anacetabular cup. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scopeof the appended claims, this invention may be practiced otherwise thenas specifically described.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for implanting an orthopedic prosthesisinto a bone, comprising the steps of:providing an orthopedic prosthesiscomprising a stem portion to be implanted and a head portion coupled tosaid stem portion; exposing a bone into which said orthopedic prosthesisis to be implanted, said bone having a cancellous bone component and acortical bone component; forming a medullary canal in said cancellousbone component, said canal having a shape which is generallycomplementary to the shape of at least said stem portion of saidorthopedic prosthesis; coupling said orthopedic prosthesis to a sourceof ultrasonic energy; vibrating said source of ultrasonic energy at afrequency which generally corresponds to a resonant frequency of saidprosthesis; and advancing at least said stem portion of said orthopedicprosthesis into said formed medullary canal while ultrasonicallyvibrating at least said stem portion of said orthopedic prosthesis withsufficient energy to modify a portion of the surrounding bone.
 2. Amethod as recited in claim 1, wherein said medullary canal is formed ina femur.
 3. A method of implanting an orthopedic prosthesis having stemand head portions into a bone, comprising the steps of:coupling anultrasonic transducer to an orthopedic prosthesis; forming a cavity in abone; vibrating said ultrasonic transducer at a frequency whichgenerally corresponds to a resonant frequency of said prosthesis; andimplanting at least the stem portion of said orthopedic prosthesis intosaid formed cavity while ultrasonically vibrating at least a portion ofsaid orthopedic prosthesis with sufficient energy to modify a portion ofthe surrounding bone.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said implantingstep involves vibrating the orthopedic prosthesis at a frequencysufficient to disrupt cancellous bone adjacent to the portion of theprosthesis being implanted.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein saidprosthesis is vibrated at a frequency within a range from about 20 kHzto about 40 kHz.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the ultrasonicfrequency at which the orthopedic prosthesis is vibrated is insufficientfor significantly disrupting cortical bone.
 7. The method of claim 3,wherein said step of forming a cavity involves forming a cavitysubstantially in the same shape as at least the stem portion of theprosthesis to be implanted.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said stepof forming a cavity comprises the steps of providing a surgical tool andultrasonically vibrating said surgical tool with sufficient energy todisrupt cancellous bone.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said step ofproviding a surgical tool involves providing a surgical tool having aplurality of teeth.
 10. The method of claim 3, wherein said cavity isformed in cancellous bone.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said stepof forming a cavity comprises removing cancellous bone to create amedullary canal in a femur.
 12. The method of claim 3, wherein saidcavity is formed in an acetabulum.
 13. The method of claim 3additionally comprising the step of providing an orthopedic prosthesiscomprising a porous surface.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein saidporous surface has a surface roughness sufficient to disrupt cancellousbone when vibrated at a frequency within a range from about 20 kHz toabout 40 kHz.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said porous surfacehas interstices sized to promote the ingrowth of cancellous bone. 16.The method of claim 15, wherein said interstices of said porous surfacehave sizes ranging from about 50 micrometers to about 400 micrometers.17. A method of implanting an orthopedic prosthesis of a type having aporous surface for the ingrowth of cancellous bone, said methodcomprising the steps of:forming a cavity in cancellous bone; couplingsaid orthopedic prosthesis to a source of ultrasonic energy; vibratingsaid source of ultrasonic energy at a frequency which generallycorresponds to a resonant frequency of said prosthesis; and implantingat least a portion of said porous surface of said prosthesis into saidformed cavity while vibrating said prosthesis with sufficient energy todisrupt a portion of the surrounding cancellous bone, said prosthesisbeing vibrated at an ultrasonic frequency which generally corresponds toa resonant frequency of said prosthesis.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein said cavity has a shape complimentary to at least the portion ofthe prosthesis to be implanted and has a cross-sectional dimensionslightly smaller than that of the portion of the prosthesis to beimplanted.